California is Pushing for Dual Language Education, and for Good Reason

California has been a center of bilingual education advocacy. In recent years, we’ve seen the signing off of the California Comeback Plan, which is an overarching goal to improve the public education system, and provides a whopping $10 million for the expansion of dual language programs. This coincides in practice with Global California 2030, which aims to dramatically increase the number of students proficient in multiple languages. The state plans to quadruple the number of dual-language immersion programs by 2030 and double the number of bilingual teachers. This ambitious plan reflects California’s commitment to equipping students with the linguistic skills necessary to thrive in a diverse and interconnected world. But why is it so important that California is bastioning dual language education, and why should other states follow the state’s efforts? 

In this article, we’ll be overviewing the necessity of dual language education in the classroom, answering questions such as: 

1. What is dual language education? 
2. Why choose dual language education? 
3. What are some challenges with implementing dual language education? 
4. How can schools start implementing dual language programs? 
5. What are the outcomes of dual language education? 

At SEAL (Sobrato Early Academic Language), we merge powerful research and an evidence-based approach to advancing the educational outcomes of multilingual learners. We work across the state of California, partnering with preschools and elementary schools, districts, county offices and other educational stakeholders to ensure all English Learners and Dual Language Learners alike can engage in rigorous and joyful learning. 

‍To learn more about SEAL, you can see our resources, contact us for more information, or subscribe to our newsletter for updates.

What Is Dual Language Education?

Dual language education is an instructional model designed to cultivate bilingualism, biliteracy, and cultural competence among students. By providing instruction in two languages, these programs aim to develop students’ proficiency in both their native language and a second language. The primary goals of dual language education are to ensure students achieve:

1. Bilingualism and Biliteracy: Students develop the ability to speak, read, and write in both languages, becoming proficient in communication and literacy skills.
2. Grade-Level Academic Achievement: Students are expected to meet or exceed grade-level academic standards in both languages, ensuring they are academically on par with their monolingual peers.
3. Sociocultural Competence: Students gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures, promoting cross-cultural understanding and preparing them to navigate a multicultural world effectively.

Dual language programs encourage students to maintain and enhance their first language while simultaneously acquiring proficiency in a second language, providing them with the cognitive and social benefits associated with bilingualism.

Types of Dual Language Programs

Dual language programs can be broadly categorized into two main types, each designed to cater to different student populations and objectives:

‍Two-Way Immersion (TWI): These programs are characterized by a balance of native English speakers and native speakers of the partner language (such as Spanish). Ideally, TWI programs strive for a 50-50 balance between the two groups, though they can operate effectively with no less than one-third of students from either language background. The goal is to facilitate mutual language learning, where English speakers learn the partner language, and native speakers of the partner language learn English. This reciprocal learning environment fosters natural language exchange and cultural understanding.

One-Way Immersion (OWI): These programs typically enroll a majority of students who are native speakers of either English or the partner language. Unlike TWI programs, the student population in OWI is not balanced between two language groups. The primary aim is for students to acquire proficiency in a second language while continuing to develop their native language. These programs are especially beneficial for native English speakers looking to learn a new language or for students from non-English-speaking backgrounds to maintain their native language while acquiring English proficiency.

Key Features of Dual Language Programs

Dual language programs share several common features that contribute to their success in fostering bilingualism and biliteracy:

• Bilingual Instruction: Instruction is provided in both English and the partner language throughout the program, ensuring consistent exposure to both languages. This bilingual approach helps students develop strong language skills in both languages.
• Instructional Time in Partner Language: At least 50% of instructional time is dedicated to the partner language (the non-English language), particularly during the elementary years. This emphasis helps solidify language acquisition during the early, formative years of a child's education.
• Program Duration: These programs typically begin in kindergarten or first grade and continue for at least five years, allowing ample time for students to develop proficiency in both languages. The long-term commitment is crucial for achieving high levels of bilingualism and biliteracy.

There are two common instructional models are employed in dual language programs:

• 90/10 Model: In the early grades, 90% of instruction is delivered in the partner language and 10% in English. This ratio gradually shifts towards a more balanced distribution as students progress through the grades.
• 50/50 Model: Instruction is evenly split between the partner language and English, with students spending equal time learning in both languages. This model is often used from the beginning of the program to promote balanced language development.

Dual language education not only equips students with valuable language skills but also enhances their cognitive abilities, cultural awareness, and global competitiveness. By fostering bilingualism and biliteracy, these programs prepare students for success in an increasingly interconnected world.

Why Choose Dual Language Education? 

There are countless benefits of being multilingual, making it an appealing option for students and families seeking a comprehensive and enriching educational experience. Here are some key reasons why dual language programs are worth considering:

1. Cognitive Benefits 
2. Academic Achievement
3. Language and Cultural Competence
4. Social and Personal Development

Cognitive Benefits 

Participating in dual language education significantly enhances cognitive abilities, offering students various mental advantages:

• Improved Executive Function: Students in dual language programs often demonstrate stronger executive functions, including better attention control, the ability to inhibit distractions, and enhanced task-switching skills. Managing two languages helps sharpen these critical mental processes.
• Enhanced Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking: The need to navigate between two languages boosts students' problem-solving abilities and critical thinking skills. This mental exercise encourages them to think more deeply and analyze situations from multiple perspectives.
• Increased Mental Flexibility and Creativity: Dual language learners are more adept at thinking outside the box and adapting to new situations. The practice of using two languages fosters mental flexibility, making students more creative in their thinking.

These cognitive benefits are attributed to the brain's heightened activity when it constantly manages and switches between two languages, leading to more robust neural connections and mental agility.

Academic Achievement

Contrary to some misconceptions, dual language education is linked to enhanced academic performance, often outperforming traditional monolingual education:

• Higher Academic Scores: Students enrolled in dual language programs frequently score above average on English reading tests. This success is not limited to language arts; dual language students also tend to excel in other subjects, including math and science.
• Benefits for All Students: Both English learners and native English speakers benefit academically from dual language instruction. The inclusive nature of these programs supports the academic growth of all students, regardless of their native language.
• Stronger Overall Academic Performance: The cognitive benefits associated with bilingualism, such as improved attention and problem-solving skills, contribute to stronger performance across various academic subjects. Dual language education equips students with the tools to succeed in diverse learning areas.

Language and Cultural Competence

Dual language education fosters not only bilingualism but also biculturalism, equipping students with vital language and cultural skills:

• Bilingualism and Biliteracy: Students in dual language programs achieve high levels of proficiency in both languages, becoming fluent and literate in each. This dual proficiency is a valuable asset in a multilingual world.
• Cross-Cultural Understanding: Learning in a dual language environment promotes a deeper understanding and appreciation of different cultures. Students develop a global awareness that enhances their ability to interact respectfully and knowledgeably with people from diverse backgrounds.
• Cultural Identity and Diversity Appreciation: Dual language education helps students maintain a strong sense of their own cultural identity while fostering an appreciation for diversity. This dual focus builds empathy and respect for others.

Social and Personal Development

Beyond cognitive and academic benefits, dual language programs play a crucial role in students' social-emotional growth:

• Enhanced Self-Perception and Confidence: Mastering two languages can boost students' self-esteem and confidence. The ability to communicate effectively in multiple languages reinforces a positive self-image and pride in their abilities.
• Development of Empathy and Respect: Engaging with multiple languages and cultures helps students develop empathy and respect for others. They learn to value different perspectives and become more open-minded and accepting.
• Stronger Social Connections: Dual language programs create opportunities for students to form meaningful relationships with peers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. These connections foster a sense of belonging and community.

By offering a rich blend of cognitive, academic, cultural, and personal benefits, dual language education prepares students to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and multicultural world. The comprehensive advantages of dual language programs make them an attractive educational choice for families seeking to equip their children with the skills needed for future success. In a state as diverse and vast as California, it is even more urgent that we celebrate biliteracy and multicultural identity at home, within our communities, and in the classroom. 

What Are Some Challenges with Implementing Dual Language Education?

Despite the state rolling out comprehensive roadmaps and policies to promote multilingual learning and dual language education, California still faces some significant challenges in effectively implementing their efforts. Some hindrances include: 

1. Teacher Shortages 
2. Insufficient Program Funding
3. Policy and Implementation Challenges
4. Balancing Language Proficiency Goals

Teacher Shortages

One of the primary challenges hindering the expansion of dual language programs in California is the severe shortage of qualified bilingual teachers. California's ongoing teacher shortage has been exacerbated by the demand for educators proficient in both English and the partner language necessary for effective dual language instruction. This shortage limits the number of available programs and the ability of existing programs to reach full capacity. As a result, many schools are unable to offer dual language education, even when there is significant demand from students and parents. Investing in bilingual teachers, as well as building the supply of bilingual teachers through specialized professional development can begin to alleviate this gap. 

Insufficient Program Funding 

Funding constraints pose another significant barrier to the growth of dual language programs. These programs often require additional resources, such as specialized curriculum materials and professional development for teachers. However, the allocation of funds for bilingual education has not kept pace with the needs, limiting the availability and quality of dual language programs. Many schools struggle to secure the financial resources necessary to sustain and expand their bilingual offerings, making it difficult to provide equitable access to dual language education across the state.

Policy and Implementation Challenges

While California has policies in place to promote bilingual education, the implementation of these policies faces several hurdles. Administrative challenges, such as navigating the approval process for new dual language programs and aligning them with state educational standards, can be cumbersome and time-consuming. Additionally, some school districts may lack the expertise or commitment to effectively develop and support bilingual education initiatives, leading to inconsistencies in program quality and availability.

Balancing Language Proficiency Goals

Achieving the right balance between language proficiency in English and the partner language can be challenging. Programs must ensure that students attain high levels of proficiency in both languages without sacrificing content mastery. This balance requires careful curriculum planning and skilled instruction, which can be difficult to achieve consistently, particularly in the face of teacher shortages and limited resources.

These challenges underscore the need for strategic investment and policy support to enhance dual language education in California. Addressing the teacher shortage, increasing funding, ensuring equitable access, and supporting effective program implementation are critical steps to expanding dual language opportunities and realizing the benefits of bilingualism for all students in the state.

How Can Schools Start Implementing Dual Language Education Programs? 

For more than 15 years, SEAL has worked across California partnering with preschools, elementary schools, districts, county offices and other educational stakeholders to ensure California’s culturally and linguistically diverse children thrive. This includes support for all students—from Pre-K to advanced dual language learners.

The SEAL approach is based on the fundamental understanding that dual language learners should be provided an education that fosters their growth. By focusing on joyful and hands-on learning, our approach cultivates confidence and engagement for students throughout their learning journey. 

These approaches meet the language demands of each grade level, merging the best practices for English Learners, Dual Language, and Multilingual Learners with strategies that advance greater facilities for learning for our students. 

Our approach revolves around four fundamental pillars.

1. Integration of Expressive Academic Language: We emphasize embedding rich, expressive academic language across the curriculum, recognizing the integral role language plays in educational attainment and cognitive development.
2. Creation of Culturally-Rich Learning Environments: By fostering learning spaces that welcome and celebrate cultural diversity, the SEAL approach ensures students feel a sense of belonging and acceptance.
3. Alignment of Educational Practices: We advocate for the consistent alignment of teaching practices and strategies across grade levels, ensuring a smooth educational journey for students from preschool through elementary education.
4. Strengthening Family-School Partnerships: Acknowledging the critical role families play in the educational process, we strive to forge and maintain robust connections between schools and families, enhancing the learning experience and outcomes for students.

What Are the Outcomes of Dual Language Education?

The SEAL approach has been especially effective in closing the achievement gap for English learners by providing a supportive, inclusive, and language-rich environment. Our impact not only fosters academic success but also promotes bilingualism and cultural competence.

In the Redwood City School District, SEAL was adopted to enhance bilingual education from preschool through elementary school. A centralized approach facilitated consistent implementation and professional development. As a result, students showed marked improvements in vocabulary, reading comprehension, and overall academic performance. The program also boosted family engagement through culturally relevant activities like Gallery Walks and thematic units.

The Mountain View School District used SEAL to strengthen its dual language programs, focusing on early language and literacy development. By integrating academic content with language instruction, students developed bilingual skills and subject matter expertise, leading to enhanced engagement with complex texts and real-world applications.

In the Oak Grove School District, SEAL's dual language model was key to promoting academic rigor and student engagement. Language-rich environments and targeted professional development empowered teachers to meet diverse student needs effectively. The district saw significant gains in reading and writing and increased collaboration and innovation among teachers, highlighting the benefits of a dual language approach.

To learn more about our work and our efforts to develop more inclusive, empathetic, and effective education programs, you can see resources, case studies, or contact us for more info.